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Microplastiques dans les Pyrénées, une nouvelle pollution invisible en montagne

 

 

Imaginez-vous en train de marcher dans les Pyrénées. De la neige au sommet des montagnes, des insectes qui bourdonnent autour des fleurs, des moutons qui pâturent, une rivière alimentée par les derniers glaciers des Pyrénées. Un environnement si naturel, apparemment loin de tout impact humain.

Mais les apparences sont trompeuses. En avril dernier, un article a été publié dans le journal Nature Geoscience par des chercheurs d’universités écossaises et françaises. Selon l’article, même les Pyrénées ne sont pas assez éloignées pour échapper à la pollution plastique. Celui-ci se dégrade jusqu’à former de minuscules morceaux, appelés microplastiques. Alors que leur présence dans l’eau et les sols a fait l’objet d’une attention croissante au cours des dernières années, par exemple par le National Geographic, la présence de microplastiques dans l’atmosphère était jusqu’ici largement inconnue.

Le site de recherche pour cette étude, la station météorologique de Bernadouze, située dans le sud-ouest de la France (Ariège), est située à 1425 mètres d’altitude. Des recherches ont confirmé que les microplastiques peuvent être transportés par l’atmosphère et déposés loin de leur point d’origine. Ce qui signifie qu’ils se propagent dans l’air, voyagent sur une certaine distance avec les courants, puis se déposent principalement dans la pluie et la neige. Plus précisément, environ 365 particules microplastiques par mètre carré ont été trouvées quotidiennement sur ce site de recherche. Ce niveau de concentration est surprenant, car il est comparable à celui de grandes villes comme Paris, connue pour ses problèmes de pollution atmosphérique.

Cependant, on ne sait toujours pas d’où proviennent ces microplastiques, et pourquoi à une telle concentration, puisqu’il n’y a aucune ville industrialisée et densément peuplée dans un rayon de 100 km au moins. D’où la nécessité d’approfondir les recherches, à la fois pour mieux comprendre la dynamique atmosphérique des microplastiques, mais aussi leurs effets sur l’environnement et la santé humaine, toujours méconnus. Hélas, il ne fait aucun doute aujourd’hui que les microplastiques sont une nouvelle forme de pollution invisible de l’air, qui ne se limite pas à un spectre local mais atteint bel et bien régions éloignées et sommets montagneux.

 

 

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2 mai 2019

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